11. Gibbs Free Energy

Study Mind CIE A-Level Chemistry 🧪⚗️

A-Level Chemistry Study Guide: ALL Exam Board Specifications

A-Level Chemistry Part 2 (Chapters 46-78)
A-Level Chemistry Part 1 (Chapters 21-45)
A-Level Chemistry Part 3 (Chapters 79-117)
A-Level Chemistry Part 4 (Chapters 118-161)
A-Level Chemistry Part 5 (Chapters 162-203)

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CIE A-Level Chemistry Flashcards (PDF)

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CIE A-Level Topic 1: Atomic Structure

1. Subatomic Particles (6:54)
2. Atomic and Mass Numbers (10:15)
3. Element Isotopes (4:42)
4. Electrons in Atoms (13:41)
5. Electron Arrangement (16:33)
6. Ionisation Energies (24:08)

CIE A-Level Topic 2: Atoms, molecules and stoichiometry

1. Measuring Relative Masses (9:13)
2. The Mole and the Avogrado Constant (8:58)
3. Empirical and Molecular Formulae (17:15)
4. Balancing Chemical Equations (20:26)
5. Ion Formation (5:51)
6. Further Mole calculations (17:52)
7. Stoichiometric Calculations (14:31)
8. Calculating Percentage Yield (8:47)

CIE A-Level Topic 3: Chemical bonding

1. Covalent Bonds (9:05)
2. Properties of Ionic Bonding (10:33)
3. Properties of Metallic Bonding (5:06)
4. Molecular Shapes (18:20)
5. Bond Polarity (14:04)
6. Forces between Molecules (21:11)
7. Hydrogen Bonding in Water (11:16)

CIE A-Level Topic 4: States of matter

1. The Ideal Gas Equation (10:14)
2. Properties of Covalent Structures (5:33)
3. Carbon Allotropes (7:25)
4. Predicting Bonding Types (7:28)

CIE A-Level Topic 6: Electrochemistry

1. Forces between Molecules (21:11)
2. Hydrogen Bonding in Water (11:16)
3. Oxidation States (14:44)
4. Redox Processes (5:03)
5. Balancing Redox Equations (12:13)

CIE A-Level Topic 7: Equilibria

1. Chemical Equilibria and Le Chatelier's Principle (15:52)
2. Chemical Equilibria applied to Industry (7:29)
3. Calculations with Equilibrium Constants (22:13)
4. Gas Partial Pressures (5:19)
5. Gas Equilibria and Kp (8:55)
6. Le Chatelier's Principle in Gas Equilibria (4:46)
7. Changing Kp (4:20)
8. Brownsted-Lowry Acid-Base Equilibrium (8:42)
9. Strength of Acids and Bases (3:19)
10. Neutralisation Reactions (3:39)
11. The pH scale and Strong acids (7:14)
12. Acid-base Indicators (4:53)
13. Drawing pH Curves (13:06)

CIE A-Level Topic 8: Reaction kinetics

1. Reaction Rates and the Collision Theory (16:03)
2. Maxwell–Boltzmann Distribution (14:31)

CIE A-Level Topic 9: The Periodic Table: chemical periodicity

1. Trends along Period 3 (9:04)
2. Reactivity of Period 3 Elements (5:48)
3. Properties of Period 3 Compounds (17:47)
4. Classification (6:13)

CIE A-Level Topic 10: Group 2

1. Group 2, The Alkaline Earth Metals (5:25)
2. Reactions of Group 2 Elements (16:06)

CIE A-Level Topic 11: Group 17

1. Group 7, The Halogens (9:55)
2. Reactions of the Halogens (10:12)
3. Reducing power of Halide Ions (11:06)
4. Disproportionation Reactions in Halogens (9:36)

CIE A-Level Topic 13: An introduction to AS Level organic chemistry

1. Naming and Representing Organic Compounds (23:07)
2. Introduction to Functional Groups (4:37)
3. General Formulae (3:23)
4. Reaction Mechanisms in Organic Chemistry (13:32)
5. Isomers (6:26)
6. E/Z Isomerism (20:45)
7. Optical Isomerism (10:30)

CIE A-Level Topic 14: Hydrocarbons

1. Alkanes: Properties and Reactivity (21:00)
2. Obtaining Alkanes (6:06)
3. Alkene Reactivity (20:07)
4. Addition Polymerisation in Alkenes (10:07)

CIE A-Level Topic 15: Halogen compounds

1. Introduction to Halogenoalkanes (10:44)
2. Reactivity of Halogenoalkanes (16:08)
3. Organic Synthesis: Aliphatic Compounds (12:06)

CIE A-Level Topic 16: Hydroxy compounds

1. Introduction to Alcohols (7:19)
2. Alcohol oxidation (9:11)
3. Reactivity of Alcohols (18:55)

CIE A-Level Topic 17: Carbonyl compounds

1. Reactivity of Carbonyl Compunds (11:28)
2. Testing for Carbonyl Compounds (6:52)

CIE A-Level Topic 18: Carboxylic acids and derivatives

1. Properties and Reactivity of Carboxylic Acids (16:51)
2. Organic Synthesis: Aliphatic Compounds (12:06)

CIE A-Level Topic 19: Nitrogen compounds

1. Amine Synthesis (9:45)
2. Nitriles (3:02)

CIE A-Level Topic 20: Polymerisation

1. Condensation Polymers (3:48)
2. Polymer Biodegradability (4:04)
3. Polymer Disposal (2:42)

CIE A-Level Topic 21: Organic synthesis

1. Identification of Functional Groups (10:29)
2. Organic Synthesis: Aliphatic Compounds (12:06)
3. Organic Synthesis: Aromatic Compounds (8:02)

CIE A-Level Topic 22: Analytical techniques

1. Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy (12:04)
2. Mass Spectrometry (22:25)

CIE A-Level Topic 23: Chemical energetics

1. Lattice Enthalpies (4:20)
2. Enthalpy Key Terms (13:01)
3. Construction of Born-Haber Cycles (7:20)
4. Calculations involving Born-Haber Cycles (7:25)
5. Enthalpy of Hydration (2:42)
6. Enthalpy of Solution (2:23)
7. Calculating Enthalpy of Solution (3:19)
8. Introduction to Entropy (4:11)
9. Total Entropy Changes (5:08)
10. Entropy Change Predictions (3:21)
11. Gibbs Free Energy (3:45)
12. Calculations involving Free Energy (6:06)

CIE A-Level Topic 24: Electrochemistry

2. Balancing Redox Equations (12:13)
3. Half Cells and Full Cells (9:56)
4. Electrode Potentials (14:09)
5. Representing Electrochemical Cells (3:58)
6. Electrochemical cells Reactions (8:08)

CIE A-Level Topic 25: Equilibria

1. Brownsted-Lowry Acid-Base Equilibrium (8:42)
2. Strength of Acids and Bases (3:19)
3. The pH scale and Strong acids (7:14)
4. The Acid Dissociation Constant, Ka (6:31)
5. pH of Strong Bases (9:52)
6. Buffer Action (24:38)
7. Titrations (3:37)

CIE A-Level Topic 26: Reaction kinetics

1. Measuring Rate of Reaction
2. The Rate Equation (2:20)
3. Introduction to Order of Reactions (2:37)
4. The Rate Constant (5:11)
5. Temperature Changes and the Rate Constant (10:18)
6. Determining Orders of Reaction Graphically (4:49)
7. Reaction Half Lives
8. Reaction Determining Steps (5:51)

CIE A-Level Topic 26.2: Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts

1. Maxwell–Boltzmann Distribution (14:31)
2. 12.2, 12.23 (6:15)
3. Transiton Metals as Homogeneous Catalysts (3:10)

CIE A-Level Topic 27: Group 2

1. Group 2, The Alkaline Earth Metals (5:25)
2. Reactions of Group 2 Elements (16:06)

CIE A-Level Topic 28: Chemistry of transition elements

1. The Transition metals (3:36)
2. Variable Oxidation States (2:06)
3. Characteristics of Transition Metals (4:30)
4. Introduction to Complex Ions (5:57)
5. Ligands (4:01)
6. Complex Ion Shape (4:15)
7. Ligand Substitution Reactions (21:43)
8. Using Potassium Permanganate in Redox Titrations (15:14)
9. Iodine-Sodium Thiosulfate Titrations (10:10)
10. Examples of Redox in Transition Metals (8:51)
11. Colours of Transition Metal Ions (10:35)
12. Cis Trans Isomerism in Complex Ions (3:16)
13. Optical Isomerism in Complex Ions (2:12)

CIE A-Level Topic 29: An introduction to A Level organic chemistry

1. Naming and Representing Organic Compounds (23:07)
2. Benzene Nomenclature (4:22)
3. Electrophilic Substitution Reactions in Benzene (7:46)
4. Delocalisation Model of Benzene (2:45)
5. Optical Isomerism (10:30)

CIE A-Level Topic 30: Hydrocarbons

1. Halogenation Reactions in Benzene (6:29)
2. Friedel-Crafts Acylation and Alkylation (12:16)

CIE A-Level Topic 31: Halogen compounds

1. Reactivity of Substituted Benzene (13:09)

CIE A-Level Topic 32: Hydroxy compounds

1. Acyl Groups (23:56)

CIE A-Level Topic 33: Carboxylic acids and derivatives

1. Properties and Reactivity of Carboxylic Acids (16:51)
2. Properties and Reactivity of Esters (13:03)

CIE A-Level Topic 34: Nitrogen compounds

1. Introduction to Amines (8:45)
2. Amine Synthesis (9:45)
3. Properties and Reactivity of Amines (13:40)
4. Structure of Amino Acids (8:08)

CIE A-Level Topic 35: Polymerisation

1. Condensation Polymers (3:48)
2. Polyamide Formation (3:45)
3. Polymer Biodegradability (4:04)

CIE A-Level Topic 36: Organic synthesis

1. Organic Synthesis: Aliphatic Compounds (12:06)
2. Organic Synthesis: Aromatic Compounds (8:02)

CIE A-Level Topic 37: Analytic techniques

1. Chromatography (13:58)
2. Different Types of Chromatography (9:45)
3. Types of NMR: Carbon 13 (8:32)
4. NMR Samples and Standards (2:00)
5. Types of NMR: Hydrogen (6:51)
6. High Resolution 1H NMR (8:32)
7. Deuterium use in 1H NMR (6:42)

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11. Gibbs Free Energy

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