5. Organic Synthesis: Aliphatic Compounds

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A-Level Chemistry Study Guide: ALL Exam Board Specifications

A-Level Chemistry Part 1 (Chapters 21-45)
A-Level Chemstry Part 2 (Chapters 46-78)
A-Level Chemistry Part 3 (Chapters 79-117)
A-Level Chemistry Part 4 (Chapters 118-161)
A-Level Chemistry Part 5 (Chapters 162-203)

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1.1 Atomic Structure

1.1.1 Fundamental Particles (7:04)
1.1.2 Mass Number and Isotopes (34:22)
1.1.3 Electron Configuration (56:12)

1.2 Amount of Substance

1.2.1 RAM and RMM (11:22)
1.2.2 The Mole and Avogadro Constant (16:27)
1.2.3 The Ideal Gas Equation (9:50)
1.2.4 Empirical and Molecular Formula (20:38)
1.2.5 Balanced Equations and calculations (44:54)

1.3 Bonding

1.3.1 Ionic Bonding (11:24)
1.3.2 Covalent and Dative Covalent Bonding (7:35)
1.3.3 Metallic bonding (3:40)
1.3.4 Bonding and Properties (22:23)
1.3.5 Shapes of molecules and ions (17:55)

1.4 Energetics

1.4.1 Enthalpy Change (7:43)
1.4.2 Calorimetry (14:38)
1.4.3 Applications of Hess's Law (12:58)
1.4.4 Bond Enthalpies (10:21)

1.5 Kinetics

1.5.1 Collision Theory (4:54)
1.5.2 Maxwell-B (3:47)
1.5.3 Temperature (7:13)
1.5.4 Concentration and Pressure (4:04)
1.5.5 Catalysts (4:05)

1.6 Chemical equilibria, Le Chatelier’s principle and Kc

1.6.1 Equilibria (15:44)
1.6.2 Equilibrium Constant Kc (17:28)

1.7 Oxidation, Reduction and Redox Equations

1.7 Oxidation, Reduction and Redox Equations (11:00)

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2.1 Periodicity

2.1.2 Physical Properties of the Period 3 elements (8:23)

2.3 Group 7(17), the halogens

2.3.1 Trends In Properties (13:04)
2.3.2 Uses of Chlorine and Chlorate Ions 1 (5:10)

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3.1 Chemical measurements

3.1.1 Nomenclature (7:07)
3.1.2 Reaction Mechanisms (5:34)
3.1.3. Isomerism (4:58)

3.2 Alkanes

3.2.1 Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil (4:22)
3.2.2 Modification of Alkanes By Cracking (2:57)
3.2.3 Combustion of Alkanes (5:30)
3.2.4 Chlorination of Alkanes (1:58)

3.3 Halogenoalkanes

3.3.1 Nucleophilic Substitution (5:49)
3.3.2 Elimination (2:21)
3.3.3 Ozone Depletion (2:49)

3.3.4 Alkenes

3.4.1 Structure, Bonding and Reactivity (1:45)
3.4.2 Addition Reactions of Alkenes (8:15)
3.4.3 Addition Polymers (7:41)

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Thermodynamics

91. Born-Haber Cycles - Lattice Enthalpies (4:20)
92. Born-Haber Cycles - Enthalpy Key Terms (13:01)
93. Born-Haber Cycles - Construction of Born-Haber Cycles (7:20)
94. Born-Haber Cycles - Calculations (7:25)
95. Born-Haber Cycles - Enthalpy of Hydration (2:42)
96. Born-Haber Cycles - Enthalpy of Solution (2:23)
97. Born-Haber Cycles - Calculating Enthalpy of Solution (3:19)
98. Gibbs Free Energy - Introduction to Entropy (4:11)
99. Gibbs Free Energy - Total Entropy Changes (5:08)
100. Gibbs Free Energy - Entropy Change Predictions (3:21)
101. Gibbs Free Energy - Gibbs Free Energy (3:45)
102. Gibbs Free Energy - Calculations Involving Free Energy (6:06)

OCR A-Level: 3.2.3 Chemical equilibrium

1. Chemical Equilibria and Le Chatelier's Principle (15:52)

OCR A-Level: 4.2.3 Organic synthesis

1. Identification of Functional Groups (10:29)

OCR A-Level: 4.2.4 Analytical techniques

1. Mass Spectrometry (22:25)

OCR A-Level: 5.1.2 How fast?

2. Chemical Equilibria applied to Industry (7:29)
3. Calculations with Equilibrium Constants (22:13)

OCR A-Level: 5.1.3 Acids, Bases and Buffers

1. Brownsted-Lowry Acid-Base Equilibrium (8:42)
3. Neutralisation Reactions (3:39)
11. Titrations (3:37)

OCR A-Level: 5.2.3 Redox and Electrode potentials

5. Commercial Applications of Fuel Cells (11:58)

OCR A-Level: 5.3.1 Transition elements

1. Redox Titrations (4:11)
2. Using Potassium Permanganate in Redox Titrations (15:14)
3. Iodine-Sodium Thiosulfate Titrations (10:10)

OCR A-Level: 6.2.4 Carbon–carbon Bond Formation

2. Friedel-Crafts Acylation and Alkylation (12:16)
3. Amine Synthesis (9:45)
5. Organic Synthesis: Aliphatic Compounds (12:06)

OCR A-Level: 6.2.5 Organic synthesis

1. Practical Preparation Techniques (4:14)
2. Practical Purification Techniques (9:00)
3. Organic Synthesis: Aliphatic Compounds (12:06)

OCR A-Level: 6.3.1 Chromatography and Qualitative Analysis

1. Identification of Functional Groups (10:29)

Atomic Structure - Fundamental Particles

Subatomic Particles (6:54)
Atomic and Mass Numbers (10:15)

Atomic Structure - Mass Number and Isotopes

Element Isotopes (4:42)
Mass Spectrometry (22:25)

Atomic Structure - Electronic Configuration

Electrons in Atoms (13:41)
Electron Arrangement (16:33)

Amount of Substance - Relative Atomic Mass and Relative Molecular Mass

Measuring Relative Masses (9:13)

Amount of Substance - The Mole and the Avogadro Constant

The Mole and the Avogrado Constant (8:58)
Further Mole calculations (17:52)

Amount of Substance - The Ideal Gas Equation

The Ideal Gas Equation (10:14)

Amount of Substance - Formulae and Equations

Empirical and Molecular Formulae (17:15)
Balancing Chemical Equations (20:26)
Stoichiometric Calculations (14:31)
Calculating Percentage Yield (8:47)
Percentage Atom Economy (7:57)

Bonding - Ionic Bonding

Ion Formation (5:51)
Properties of Ionic Bonding (10:33)

Bonding - Covalent and Metallic Bonding

Covalent Bonds (9:05)
Properties of Covalent Structures (5:33)
Properties of Metallic Bonding (5:06)

Bonding - Bonding and Physical Properties

Carbon Allotropes (7:25)
Predicting Bonding Types (7:28)

Bonding - Shapes of Simple Molecules and Bond Polarity

Molecular Shapes (18:20)
Bond Polarity (11:02)

Bonding - Forces Between Molecules

Forces Between molecules (15:06)
Hydrogen Bonding in Water (11:16)

Kinetics - Collision Theory and Boltzmann Distribution

Reaction Rates and the Collision Theory (16:03)
Maxwell–Boltzmann Distribution (14:31)

Chemical Equilibria, Le Chatelier's Principle and Kc - Chemical Equilibria and Le Chatelier's Principle

Chemical Equilibria and Le Chatelier's Principle (15:52)
Chemical Equilibria applied to Industry (7:29)

Chemical Equilibria, Le Chatelier's Principle and Kc - Equilibrium Constant Kc for Homogeneous Systems

Calculations with Equilibrium Constants (22:13)

Oxidation, Reduction and Redox Equations - Oxidation Numbers and Redox Reactions

Oxidation States (14:44)
Redox Processes (5:03)
Balancing Redox Equations (12:13)

Periodicity - Classification

Classification (4:05)
Trends along Period 3 (9:04)

Ionisation

Ionisation Energies (24:08)

Group 2 - Group 2 Metals

Group 2, The Alkaline Earth Metals (13:23)
Reactions of Group 2 Elements (16:06)
Uses of Group 2 Elements and their Compounds (5:05)

The Halogens - The Halogens: Reactivity and Properties

Group 7, The Halogens (9:55)
Reactions of the Halogens (10:12)
Disproportionation Reactions in Halogens (9:36)
Reducing power of Halide Ions (11:06)

The Halogens - Tests for Ions

Testing for Ions (9:21)

Introduction to Organic Chemistry - Nomenclature

Naming and Representing Organic Compounds (23:07)
Introduction to Functional Groups (4:37)
General Formulae (3:23)

Introduction to Organic Chemistry - Reaction Mechanisms

Reaction Mechanisms in Organic Chemistry (13:32)

Introduction to Organic Chemistry - Isomerism

Isomers (6:26)
E/Z Isomerism (20:45)

Alkanes - Reactions of Alkanes

Alkanes: Properties and Reactivity (21:00)
Obtaining Alkanes (6:06)

Halogenoalkanes - Reactions of Halogenalkanes

Introduction to Halogenoalkanes (10:44)
Reactivity of Halogenoalkanes (16:08)

Halogenoalkanes - Ozone Depletion

Environmental impact of Halogenoalkanes (10:48)

Alkenes -Addition Reactions and Polymers of Alkenes

Alkene Reactivity (20:07)
Addition Polymerisation in Alkenes (10:07)

Alcohols - Reactions of Alcohols

Introduction to Alcohols (7:19)
Alcohol oxidation (9:11)
Reactivity of Alcohols (18:55)

Alcohols - Alcohol Production

Alcohol production (6:33)

Organic Analysis - Identification of Functional Groups

Identification of Functional Groups (10:29)

Organic Analysis - Techniques

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy (12:04)

Thermodynamic - Born-Haber Cycles

Lattice Enthalpies (4:20)
Enthalpy Key Terms (13:01)
Construction of Born-Haber Cycles (7:20)
Calculations involving Born-Haber Cycles (7:25)
Enthalpy of Hydration (2:42)
Enthalpy of Solution (2:23)
Calculating Enthalpy of Solution (3:19)

Thermodynamic - Gibbs Free Energy

Introduction to Entropy (4:11)
Total Entropy Changes (5:08)
Entropy Change Predictions (3:21)
Gibbs Free Energy (3:45)
Calculations involving Free Energy (6:06)

Rate Equations - Rate Equations

Measuring Rate of Reaction
The Rate Equation (2:20)
Introduction to Order of Reactions (2:37)
The Rate Constant (5:11)
Temperature Changes and the Rate Constant (10:18)

Rate Equations - Determination of Rate Equation

Determining Orders of Reaction Graphically (4:49)
Determining Orders of Reactions Experimentally (5:37)
Uses of Clock Reactions (4:09)
Reaction Half Lives
Reaction Determining Steps (5:51)

Equilibrium Constant for Homogenous Systems - Partial Pressure

Gas Partial Pressures (5:19)
Gas Equilibria and Kp (8:55)

Equilibrium Constant for Homogenous Systems - Significance of Equilibrium Constants

Le Chatelier's Principle in Gas Equilibria (4:46)
Changing Kp (4:20)

Electrode Potentials and Electrochemical Cells - Electrode Potentials and Cells

Half Cells and Full Cells (9:56)
Electrode Potentials (14:09)
Representing Electrochemical Cells (3:58)
Electrochemical Cells Reactions (8:08)

Electrode Potentials and Electrochemical Cells - Commercial Applications of Electrochemical Cells

Commercial Applications of Fuel Cells (11:58)

Acids and Bases - Bronsted-Lowry Acid-Base Equilibria

Brownsted-Lowry Acid-Base Equilibrium (8:42)
Strength of Acids and Bases (3:19)
Neutralisation Reactions (3:39)

Acids and Bases - Definition and Determination of pH

The pH scale and Strong acids (7:14)
The Acid Dissociation Constant, Ka (6:31)
More Ka Calculations (6:14)
Ionic Product of Water (5:11)
pH of Strong Bases (9:52)

Acids and Bases - Weak Acids and Bases

Dilutions and pH (2:25)
Buffer Action (24:38)
Titrations (3:37)
Acid-base Indicators (4:53)
Drawing pH Curves (13:06)

Properties of Period 3 Elements - Reactions of Period 3 Elements and Oxides

Reactivity of Period 3 Elements (5:48)
Properties of Period 3 Compounds (17:47)

Transition Metals - General Properties of Transition Metals

The Transition metals (3:36)
Variable Oxidation States (2:06)
Characteristics of Transition Metals (4:30)
Introduction to Complex Ions (5:57)
Ligands (4:01)
Complex Ion Shape (4:15)

Transition Metals - Isomerism and Ligand Substitution

Cis Trans Isomerism in Complex Ions (3:16)
Optical Isomerism in Complex Ions (2:12)
Colours of Transition Metal Ions (10:35)
Ligand Substitution Reactions (21:43)

Transition Metals - Variable Oxidation States

Redox Reactions Revisited (2:40)
Redox Potentials (4:27)
Redox Titrations (4:11)
Using Potassium Permanganate in Redox Titrations (15:14)
Iodine-Sodium Thiosulfate Titrations (10:10)
Examples of Redox in Transition Metals (8:51)

Transition Metals - Catalysts

12.2, 12.23 (6:15)
Transition Metals as Homogeneous Catalysts (3:10)
Autocatalysis in Transition Metals (2:53)

Reactions of Ions in Aqueous Solutions - Reactions of Ions in Solutions

Metal Ions in Solution (8:35)
Precipitation Reactions of Metal Ions in Solution (17:47)
Testing for Cations (5:56)
Testing for Anions (9:08)

Optical Isomerism - Optical Isomerism and Chirality

Optical Isomerism (10:30)

Aldehydes and Ketones - Carbonyl Compounds

Carbonyl Compounds (4:09)
Reactivity of Carbonyl Compounds (11:28)
Testing for Carbonyl Compounds (6:52)

Aldehydes and Ketones - Increasing Carbon Chain Length

Reactions to Increase Carbon Chain Length (4:34)

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives - Carboxylic Acids and Esters

Properties and Reactivity of Carboxylic Acids (16:51)
Properties and Reactivity of Esters (13:03)

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives - Acylation

Acyl Groups (23:56)
Structure of Amides (6:40)

Aromatic Chemistry - Bonding and Aromatic Compounds

Introduction to Benzene (6:35)
Delocalisation Model of Benzene (2:45)
Benzene Nomenclature (4:22)

Aromatic Chemistry - Electrophilic Substitution

Electrophilic Substitution Reactions in Benzene (7:46)
Halogenation Reactions in Benzene (6:29)
Friedel-Crafts Acylation and Alkylation (12:16)
Reactivity of Substituted Benzene (13:09)

Amines - Preparation and Properties of Amines

Introduction to Amines (8:45)
Amine Synthesis (9:45)
Properties and Reactivity of Amines (13:40)
Nitriles (3:02)

1 - Condensation Polymers and Biodegrability

Condensation Polymers (3:48)
Polyamide Formation (3:45)
Polymer Biodegradability (4:04)
Polymer Disposal (2:42)

Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA - Amino Acids and Proteins

Structure of Amino Acids (8:08)
Structure of Proteins (14:15)

Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA - Enzymes

Enzyme Action (4:07)

Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA - DNA Structure

DNA (6:33)
DNA Replication (6:11)

Organic Synthesis - Practical Techniques and Synthesis

Practical Preparation Techniques (4:14)
Practical Purification Techniques (9:00)
Organic Synthesis: Aliphatic Compounds (12:06)
Organic Synthesis: Aromatic Compounds (8:02)
Considerations in Organic Synthesis (1:47)

Analytical Techniques - Chromatography

Chromatography (13:58)
Different Types of Chromatography (9:45)

Analytical Techniques - NMR

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (3:10)
NMR Samples and Standards (2:00)
Types of NMR: Carbon 13 (8:32)
Types of NMR: Hydrogen (6:51)
High Resolution 1H NMR (8:32)
Deuterium use in 1H NMR (6:42)

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